The seven-day week is a Babylonian invention adopted via Judaism and Rome

The seven-day week originated with ancient Babylonian astronomers, who identified seven celestial bodies visible to the naked eye (Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn) and named each day for one. The Jewish tradition, absorbing Babylonian influences during exile in the 6th century BC, codified a seven-day cycle with the Sabbath. Rome adopted the seven-day week in the 1st century AD and spread it across Europe. The English names — Saturday (Saturn's day), Sunday (Sun's day), Monday (Moon's day) — preserve the original Babylonian planetary names, via Germanic adaptations for Tuesday through Friday (Tiw, Woden, Thor, Frigg).

Source: Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week (1985)